Liquid Liquid Extraction Essay -- essays papers

liquid offer Liquid Extraction We were asked to extract benzoic deadly from a kerosene-benzoic acid mixture. This was to be done using the stirred liquid-liquid line of descent chromatography pillar in the senior laboratory. freshly piddle was used as the continuous phase in the extraction. We were asked to measure the benzoic acid soaking ups of the feed, raffinate, and extract streams. These measurements were to be made at several diametric steady-states. The number of a priori stages and the height of the supposititious stages (HETS) was besides to be determined. Because the liquid-liquid extraction column had not been used in several years our assignment also included discussing any problems with the process and possible solutions. The discussion of equipment, results, and observational procedure will be discussed in the pursual paper entitled Liquid-Liquid Extraction. Even though the process had not been used in several years, e actuallything worked v ery headspring. The flow meter used to measure the water flow rate had a down(p) leak which was easily remedied using a bucket. One of the storage tanks still had approximately 400 liters of kerosene with a benzoic acid concentration of 0.00208 (gm/mL). victimization this as a feed for the process, concentrations of benzoic acid in the aqueous extract were found to be 0.00109 (gm/mL) and 0.000783 (gm/mL) for 2 separate steady state experimental runs. The flow grade of the kerosene feed for the two steady states were 0.361 (gal/min) and 0.157 (gal/min) respectively. The number of theoretical stages for a flow rates of 0.361 (gal/min) and 0.157 (gal/min) were determined to be 1.76 and 0.87 stages respectively. With the height of the column equal to 48.9 inches the HETS for the two steady state conditions were 27.71 inches and 56.42 inches respectively. Transferring the benzoic acid from the kerosene into the water was accomplished without any major problems. The equipment worked very well except for minor(ip) problems with the water flow meter. After working on the process we would recommend that it be used more often. We also believe the results obtained from our experiments are accurate and well within experimental error. SUMMARYLiquid-Liquid Extraction of Benzoic Acid The number of theoretical stages and the height of the equivalent theoretical stages were determined for a liquid-liquid extraction proce... ... state conditions to have given good separations. We also believe the correlation between the pH of the aqueous benzoic acid solution and the actual acid concentration to be accurate. We recommend that the liquid-liquid extraction column in the senior laboratory be used more. The process is very interesting and appears to work well.Nomenclature emblemDefinition UnitsXfConcentration of benzoic acid in the feed kerosene(gm/mL)XrConcentration of benzoic acid in the raffinate (gm/mL)YsConc entration of benzoic acid in the extract (gm/mL)mslope of the equilibrium line dimensionseextraction factor dimensionsNnumber of theoretical stages dimensionsZtactual height of experimental column (inches)HETSheight of equivalent theoretical stages (inches)ReferencesRobbins, L. A., Liquid-Liquid Extraction, in Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook, Sixth Ed., D. Green and R. H. Perry, McGraw Hill, New York, NY, p 51-1, (1984)Allerton, J., Liquid Extraction in Perforated-Plate and jammed Towers. American Institute of Chemical Engineers. 39361-384 (1943). Liquid Liquid Extraction Essay -- essays papersLiquid Liquid Extraction We were asked to extract benzoic acid from a kerosene-benzoic acid mixture. This was to be done using the stirred liquid-liquid extraction column in the senior laboratory. Fresh water was used as the continuous phase in the extraction. We were asked to measure the benzoic acid concentrations of the f eed, raffinate, and extract streams. These measurements were to be made at several different steady-states. The number of theoretical stages and the height of the theoretical stages (HETS) was also to be determined. Because the liquid-liquid extraction column had not been used in several years our assignment also included discussing any problems with the process and possible solutions. The discussion of equipment, results, and experimental procedure will be discussed in the following paper entitled Liquid-Liquid Extraction. Even though the process had not been used in several years, everything worked very well. The flow meter used to measure the water flow rate had a small leak which was easily remedied using a bucket. One of the storage tanks still had approximately 400 liters of kerosene with a benzoic acid concentration of 0.00208 (gm/mL). Using this as a feed for the process, concentrations of benzoic acid in the aqueous extract were found to be 0.00109 (gm/mL) and 0.0007 83 (gm/mL) for two separate steady state experimental runs. The flow rates of the kerosene feed for the two steady states were 0.361 (gal/min) and 0.157 (gal/min) respectively. The number of theoretical stages for a flow rates of 0.361 (gal/min) and 0.157 (gal/min) were determined to be 1.76 and 0.87 stages respectively. With the height of the column equal to 48.9 inches the HETS for the two steady state conditions were 27.71 inches and 56.42 inches respectively. Transferring the benzoic acid from the kerosene into the water was accomplished without any major problems. The equipment worked very well except for minor problems with the water flow meter. After working on the process we would recommend that it be used more often. We also believe the results obtained from our experiments are accurate and well within experimental error. SUMMARYLiquid-Liquid Extraction of Benzoic Acid The number of theoretical stages and the height of the equivalent theoretical stages were determined for a liquid-liquid extraction proce... ... state conditions to have given good separations. We also believe the correlation between the pH of the aqueous benzoic acid solution and the actual acid concentration to be accurate. We recommend that the liquid-liquid extraction column in the senior laboratory be used more. The process is very interesting and appears to work well.NomenclatureSymbolDefinition UnitsXfConcentration of benzoic acid in the feed kerosene(gm/mL)XrConcentration of benzoic acid in the raffinate (gm/mL)YsConcentration of benzoic acid in the extract (gm/mL)mslope of the equilibrium line dimensionseextraction factor dimensionsNnumber of theoretical stages dimensionsZtactual height of experimental column (inches)HETSheight of equivalent theoretical stages (inches)ReferencesRobbins, L. A., Liquid-Liquid Extraction, in Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook, Sixth Ed., D. Gr een and R. H. Perry, McGraw Hill, New York, NY, p 51-1, (1984)Allerton, J., Liquid Extraction in Perforated-Plate and Packed Towers. American Institute of Chemical Engineers. 39361-384 (1943).

Difference between Google, Msn, and Yahoo Essay -- Internet Computers

Difference between Google, Msn, and YahooWhen you are in hurry, which search railway locomotive do you choose in order to get the best result? Maybe you just mathematical function the one that is familiar to you. Google, Yahoo, and Msn are the three most common search engines that we wasting disease in daily life. Although Yahoo and Msn are not the top five of search engines (based on Searchengineswatch.com Feb 2003), we still use those because we are used to using those sites. In my personal experience, I also never realized why I use those search engines. I just use them because the first time I use I was told to use google.com by my friend and it has become my habit. In this paper particularly, I will discuss how search engines work, and the similarities and differences of those three search engines. I hope based on the information I give, you will choose the right search engines in order to maximize your result and minimize your time. scratch line of all, I will talk about sea rch engines. In general, there are three types of search engines. The first one is a crawler-based search engine. This edge crawler is an acronym from crawl and spider. This system works like a spider that crawls through the sites, selects one, chooses one, and displays it. In other words, this search engine hires a superfluous robot called a spider. It builds a list of words and notes which the spider finds, builds an index based on its own system of weighting, encodes the data to save space, and stores data for the drug user to access. Google uses this system. The next system is the human-powered directories implemented by Yahoo. This system has an open directory and subdirectory. This system is controlled by the user. The user must provide the website information including a right title of respect and de... ... consider when you choose which search engine. You might see less advertisement in Google than Yahoo and Msn. I think Yahoo has more advertisement in its website than the Msn. Sometimes, it is kind of cool because you can find a good deal such as cheap price in purchasing goods, getting hotels, apartments, and both other offers. But if you dont have too much time, you might think the advertisement is irritating. In my conclusion, the choice of internet search engine depends on the time I will spend and how well the explanation of the keyword that you are searching for. If you familiar with the subject you are searching for, you might use Yahoo. If you have a lot of time, you might use Msn because it provides more search results. And if you are in hurry, you might use Google.Referencehttp//www.msn.com/http//www.google.comhttp//www.yahoo.com/

Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights Essay -- Emily Bronte Wuthering Heigh

Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights The female writer Emily Bronte wrote the novel Wuthering Heights in1847. Brontes father had influenced Emily with his well-known poetryand imagination. Brontes childhood could go also played a part inwriting her novel as she used to live in the moors herself before hermother died.The North Yorkshire moors where Wuthering Heights is delineate is a bleak,desolate and solitary place. The atomic number 18a was very inaccessible and itwould have taken days to get to neighbouring small towns as the onlymethod of get off was by horseback or by horse and cart. As the moorwas so remote there was a limited social life and restricting friendshipswere only usually between other family members.The women of those times were expected to be married at an early ageand also bear children soon later on marriage. However, many women diedduring or soon after childbirth as the medical knowledge was verypoor. Death at an early age was also not uncommon. If a mother die dthen it was normal for an unmarried female relative to look after thechildren and take the late mothers place in the home.The social classes were give out at the time the novel was set andmarriage was usually within a social class. It would have beenconsidered degrading for a rich person to get married someone with little orno inheritance and of a lower class. This class distinction meantservants were treated badly and often had to live separate to thefamily they worked for, sometimes out with the animals.This class separation was also in place in Santiago, Chile, at thetime James Watson wrote Talking in Whispers. Watsons novel wasbased on actual events and some of the characters were meant to reflectreal people.... ...nextone to be killed and the risk of losing your family.The type of psychological brutality in Wuthering Heights isdifferent. The brutality in this novel is more to do with socialstatus than fear. It is apparent when Heathcliffs father dies andHindley makes Heat hcliff live as a servant. Hindley could not accepthim as an equal he was seen as a gypsy. This type of verbal insult,a long with when Cathy said, It would degrade me to marry him, hurtspeoples minds rather than their body. Yet, Wuthering Heights alsoshows physical brutality such as when Hindley fought with Heathcliffwhen they were childlike and when Heathcliff beats his wife. Also, histreatment of Hareton is not very kind.In conclusion, both novels contain brutality but both concentrate ondifferent aspects, and because of the setting, the reasons and effectsare different.

A Term Paper :: essays research papers

This short story term report is on the book The Best American Short Stories 1960, The Day of the Bullet.It first takes domicile in the sixties when Stanleys wife is reading the newspaper and Stanley sees a pic of his old best friend, Iggy, on the front page. He grabs the paper and reads that Iggy has been shot. indeed the story takes us tail end to the 1920s when Stanley saw Iggy last. Iggy loved golf, and he was always trying to save his money for a golf putter. Stanley and Iggy used to scam off to a golf course to steal golf balls in the one of the courses ponds. Then the author shaped a picture in my mind about the last time Iggy and Stanley were there. They saw the golf club owner, Mr. Rose, beat another man. The two boys decided that they should tell the police what had happened.When they arrived at the police station and told the chief what had happened. He did not believe them, and he called Mr. Rose and Iggys produce to question them. Iggy tried to get his father to ba ck him up, but he wouldnt. He agreed that Iggy is moreover trying to cause trouble.Mr. Rose (pretending to be a nice guy) gave Iggy a dollar bill precept that he paid well if he wanted to help him do house chores. Later, as Iggy and Stanley were walking home, Stanley tried to convince Iggy to give the money to his father for better use. Iggy refused to give the money to his father and commented that he wouldnt because his father wouldnt back him up in the first place. That night, Iggy moved away.In a way, the message is similar to the dont judge people by their looks cliche, except in this case, the judgment is made by age instead of appearances. concourse come in all different personalities, and just because a child is younger than an adult doesnt mean the child is mischievous or wrong. It whitethorn be more likely because people tend to mature as they age, but still you cant judge someone by just their age. It sort of brings up the subject about people going through mental stag es in their lives, and nobody is excactly the same place. On the other hand though, I could be wrong because there is no proof in the story that Iggy has not caused trouble before.

Biblical Influence and Symbolism in The Old Man and the Sea :: Old Man and the Sea Essays

Biblical Influence and Symbolism in The elderly Man and the ocean   Many times, stories by Ernest Hemingway have much religious influence and symbolism.  In The Old Man and the Sea, by Ernest Hemingway, numerous occurrences in the life of Santiago the fisher cat are similar to the incidents recorded in the life of Jesus of Nazareth.  The names of the characters translated from Spanish to English are just one of those many similarities.             The characters in The Old Man and the Sea are in actuality, major figures in the New Testament.  Santiago is an old man, yet he had young eyes.  No matter how foiled he was, he would never show it and he would look on the brighter side of things.  In my mind, these traits make Santiago a god-like figure.  Manolin, which translates into Messiah, is Jesus (Stoltzfus qtd in CLC 13280).  Santiago is the father who teaches his symbolic son and disciple, Manolin.  After catching the largest marlin, Manolin will leave his parents in order to follow the teachings of Santiago, his master, just as Jesus did (Stoltzfus qtd in CLC 13280).  Pedrico is actually Saint Peter, Jesus closest apostle and a great fisherman (Wilson 50).  Peter helped Jesus fish for souls as Pedrico helped Manolin fish for food.  Santiago gives Pedrico the head of the mangle marlin which symbolizes Saint Peter as head of the Christian church and the first Pope (Stoltzfus CLC 280).               In the story, there are many references to the crucifixion of Jesus.  Santiagos badly hurt hands evoke the hands of the crucified Jesus and three other situations reinforce this theory (Brenner, The Old Man and the Sea, Story of a Common Man 37). First, Santiagos marlin is approached by a pair of shovel nosed sharks. Ay, he said out loud. (Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea 107)  There is no meaning of Ay, but per chance it is the sound a man makes as his hands are nailed to wood (Brenner, The Old Man and the Sea, Story of a Common Man 38).                Next, once back end on shore, Santiago climbs the hill to his shack, with the mast on his shoulder, falling several times (Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea 121).  This is an obvious reference to Christs struggle to carry the ill-tempered up the hill Cavalry (Crossan, The Historical Jesus 163).

Biblical Influence and Symbolism in The Old Man and the Sea :: Old Man and the Sea Essays

Biblical Influence and Symbolism in The Old art object and the Sea   piecey times, stories by Ernest Hemingway have much religious influence and symbolism.  In The Old Man and the Sea, by Ernest Hemingway, numerous occurrences in the life of capital of Chile the fisherman are similar to the incidents recorded in the life of deliveryman of Nazareth.  The names of the characters translated from Spanish to English are just one of those many similarities.             The characters in The Old Man and the Sea are in actuality, major figures in the New Testament.  Santiago is an old man, yet he had young eyes.  No depicted object how defeated he was, he would never show it and he would look on the brighter side of things.  In my mind, these traits make Santiago a god-like figure.  Manolin, which translates into Messiah, is Jesus (Stoltzfus qtd in CLC 13280).  Santiago is the father who teaches his symbolic son and disciple, Manolin.  After catching the largest marlin, Manolin will leave his parents in order to follow the teachings of Santiago, his master, just as Jesus did (Stoltzfus qtd in CLC 13280).  Pedrico is actually Saint Peter, Jesus closest apostle and a great fisherman (Wilson 50).  Peter helped Jesus fish for souls as Pedrico helped Manolin fish for food.  Santiago gives Pedrico the go of the mutilated marlin which symbolizes Saint Peter as head of the Christian church and the first Pope (Stoltzfus CLC 280).               In the story, there are many references to the crucifixion of Jesus.  Santiagos hard injured hands evoke the hands of the crucified Jesus and three other situations reinforce this theory (Brenner, The Old Man and the Sea, Story of a Common Man 37). First, Santiagos marlin is approached by a pair of shovel nosed sharks. Ay, he said out loud. (Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea 107)  Ther e is no meaning of Ay, simply perhaps it is the sound a man makes as his hands are nailed to wood (Brenner, The Old Man and the Sea, Story of a Common Man 38).                Next, at a time back on shore, Santiago climbs the hill to his shack, with the mast on his shoulder, falling several times (Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea 121).  This is an obvious reference to Christs struggle to turn out the cross up the hill Cavalry (Crossan, The Historical Jesus 163).

Pharmacy Tech Handout #1

Pharmacy Technician Certification Board, exam scoring requirements per www. ptcb. org The pharmacy technician coifs activities related to three broad function areas. The specific responsibilities and activities that pharmacy technicians may perform within each function area are I. Assisting the Pharmacist in Serving Patients (66% of exam) A. Receive ethical drug/ medicine govern(s) from affected role/patients good example, prescriber, or other healthcare professional 1. have got new prescription medicine/ music order from patient/patients representative, prescriber, or other healthcare professional 2. Accept new prescription/ practice of medicine order electronically (for example, by telephone, fax, or electronic transmission) 3. Accept refill request from patient/patients representative 4. Accept refill authorization from prescriber or other healthcare professional electronically (for example, by telephone, fax, or electronic transmission) 5. Contact prescriber/originator fo r clarification of prescription/ music order refill 6.Perform/accept transfer of prescription/medication order(s) B. Assist the pharmacist in accordance with federal rules and regulations in obtaining from the patient/patients representative such information as diagnosis or desired therapeutic outcome, illness state, medication history (including over-the-counter OTC medications and dietary supplements), allergies, uncomely reactions, health check history and other relevant patient information, physical disability, and payor information (including both self-pay and third party reimbursement) C. Assist the pharmacist in accordance with federal rules and regulations in obtaining from prescriber, other healthcare professionals, and/or the checkup usher such information as diagnosis or desired therapeutic outcome, disease state, medication history (including OTC medications and dietary supplements), allergies, adverse reactions, aesculapian history and other relevant patient inf ormation, physical disability, and payor information (including both self-pay and third party reimbursement) D. Collect and guide patient-specific data (for example, blood pressure, glucose, cholesterol levels, therapeutic drug levels, immunizations) to assist the pharmacist in monitoring patient outcomes E. Collect and communicate data related to dependent drug dispersion programs (for example, thalidomide, isotretinoin, and clozapine) F. Collect and communicate data related to investigational drugs G. Assess prescription or medication order for completeness (for example, patients name and address), accuracy, authenticity, legality, and reimbursement eligibility H. Update the medical cross-file/patient profile with such information as medication history (including OTC medications and dietary supplements), disease states, compliance/adherence patterns, allergies, medication duplication, and/or drug-disease, drug-drug, drug-laboratory, drug-dietary supplement and/or OTC, and d rug-food interactions I. Assist the patient/patients representative in choosing the best payment assistance plan if multiple plans are available to patient J. serve well a prescription/medication order 1. Enter prescription/medication order information onto patient profile 2.Select the appropriate product(s) for dispensing (for example, brand names, generic substitutes, therapeutic substitutes, formulary restrictions) 3. earn pharmaceuticals, durable and non-durable medical equipment, devices, and supplies (including equivocal substances, controlled substances, and investigational products) from inventory 4. Calculate quantity and days supply of ideal dosage forms for dispensing 5. Measure or count quantity of finished dosage forms for dispensing 6. Process and handle radiopharmaceuticals 7. Perform calculations for radiopharmaceuticals 8.Process and handle chemotherapeutic medications commercially available in finished dosage forms (for example, Efudex, mercaptopurine) 9. Pe rform calculations for oral chemotherapeutic medications 10. Process and handle investigational products 11. Package finished dosage forms (for example, blister pack, robotic/automated dispensing vial) 12. Affix label(s) and auxiliary label(s) to container(s) 13. Assemble patient information materials (for example, drug information sheets, patient packet inserts, Health Information Portability and business Act HIPAA literature) 14.Check for accuracy during processing of the prescription/medication order (for example, National Drug Code NDA number, bar code, and data entry) 15. check the data entry, measurements, preparation, and/or packaging of medications produced by other technicians as allowed by law (for example, tech check tech) 16. Prepare prescription or medication order for final check by pharmacist 17. Prepare prescription or medication order for final check by pharmacy technician as allowed by law (for example, tech check tech) 18. Perform Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) required checks for radiopharmaceuticals K. Compound a prescription/medication order 1. Assemble equipment and/or supplies necessary for combining the prescription/medication order 2. Calibrate equipment (for example, scale or balance, total parenteral nutrition TPN compounder) needed to compound the prescription/medication order 3. Perform calculations required for preparation of compounded IV admixtures 4. Perform calculations for extemporaneous compounds 5. Compound medications (for example, topical preparations, reconstituted antibiotic suspensions) for dispensing according to prescription and/or compounding guidelines 6.Compound medications in anticipation of prescriptions/medication orders (for example, compounding for a specific patient) 7. Prepare sterile products (for example, TPNs, piggybacks, IV solutions, ophthalmic products) 8. Prepare radiopharmaceuticals 9. Prepare chemotherapy 10. Record preparation and/or ingredients of medications (for example, lot number, co ntrol number, expiration date, chemotherapy calculations, type of IV solution) L. Provide prescription/medication to patient/patients representative 1. Store medication prior to distribution 2.Provide medication and supplemental information (for example, package inserts) to patient/patients representative 3. Package and ship pharmaceuticals, durable and non-durable medical equipment, devices, and supplies (including hazardous substances and investigational products) to patient/patients representative liPlace medication in dispensing system (for example, unit-dose cart, automated systems) 4. Deliver medication to patient-care unit 5. Record distribution of prescription medication 6. Record distribution of controlled substances 7. Record distribution of investigational drugs 8.Record distribution of restricted drugs (for example, isotretinoin, clozapine, thalidomide) 9. Record distribution of prescription/medication to patients home M. Determine charges and obtain reimbursement for products and services N. snuff it with third-party payers to determine or verify coverage O. Communicate with third-party payers to obtain prior authorizations P. Communicate with third-party payers and patients/patients representatives to rectify rejected third-party claims Q. Identify and resolve problems with rejected claims (for example, incorrect days supply, incorrect ID number) R. Provide supplemental information (for example, disease state information, CDs) as requested/required S. Direct patient/patients representative to pharmacist for counseling T. Perform drug administration functions under appropriate direction (for example, perform drug/IV rounds, check pumps, anticipate refill of drugs/IVs) U. Process and dispense enteral products II. Maintaining Medication and Inventory Control Systems (22% of exam) A. Identify pharmaceuticals, durable and non-durable medical equipment, devices, and supplies (including hazardous substances and investigational products) to be ordered B. Place routine orders for pharmaceuticals, durable and nondurable medical equipment, devices, and supplies (including hazardous substances and investigational products) in compliance with legal, regulatory, formulary, budgetary, and contractual requirements C. Place emergency orders for pharmaceuticals, durable and non-durable medical equipment, devices, and supplies (including hazardous substances and investigational products) in compliance with legal, regulatory, formulary, budgetary, and contractual requirements D. Receive pharmaceuticals, durable and non-durable medical equipment, devices, and supplies (including hazardous substances and investigational products) and verify against specifications on original purchase orders E. Place pharmaceuticals, durable and non-durable medical equipment, devices, and supplies (including hazardous substances and investigational products) in inventory under proper storage conditions bandage incorporating error prevention strate gies F. Perform nonpatient-specific preparation, distribution, and maintenance of pharmaceuticals, durable and non-durable medical equipment, devices, and supplies (including hazardous substances and investigational products) while incorporating error prevention strategies (for example, crash carts, clinic and nursing floor stock, automated dispensing systems) G. Remove from inventory expired/discontinued/slow moving/overstocked pharmaceuticals, durable and nondurable medical equipment, devices, and supplies (including hazardous substances and investigational products) H. Remove from inventory recalled pharmaceuticals, durable and non-durable medical equipment, devices, and supplies (including hazardous substances and investigational products) I. Dispose of or destroy pharmaceuticals or supplies (for example, hazardous substances, investigational products, controlled substances, non-dispensable products) J. Communicate changes in product availability (for example, formulary chan ges, recalls, shortages) to pharmacy staff, patient/patients representative, physicians, and other healthcare professionals K. Implement and monitor policies and procedures to deter theft and/or drug diversion L. Maintain a record of controlled substances ordered, received, and removed from inventory M. Maintain a record of investigational products ordered, received, and removed from inventory N. Perform required inventories and maintain associated records O. Maintain record-keeping systems for repackaging, non-patient specific compounding, recalls, and returns of pharmaceuticals, durable and non-durable medical equipment, devices, and supplies (including hazardous substances and investigational products) P. Compound non-patient specific medications in anticipation of prescription/medication orders Q. Perform quality assurance tests on compounded medications (for example, end product exam and validation) R. Repackage finished dosage forms for dispensing (for example, unit dos e, blister pack, oral syringes) Participate in quality assurance programs related to pharmaceuticals, durable and non-durable medical equipment, devices, and supplies (including hazardous substances and investigational products) III.Participating in the judiciary and Management of Pharmacy Practice (12% of exam) A. Coordinate written, electronic, and oral communications throughout the practice setting (for example, route phone calls, faxes, verbal and written refill authorizations spread out policy and procedure changes) B. Update and maintain patient information (for example, insurance information, demographics, provider information) in accordance with federal regulations and professional standards (for example, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act HIPAA) C. Collect productivity information (for example, the number of prescriptions filled, fill times, payments collected, rejected claim status) D. Participate in quality assurance activities (for example, medicat ion error prevention, node satisfaction surveys, and internal audits of processes) E. Generate quality assurance reports (for example, compile or summarize data collected for evaluation or action plan development, descend cause analysis) F. Implement and monitor the ractice setting for compliance with federal regulations and professional standards (for example, Materials Safety Data Sheet MSDS, Occupational Safety Health Administration OSHA, enounce Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations JCAHO, United States Pharmacopeia USP) G. Implement and monitor policies and procedures for infection control H. Implement and monitor policies and procedures for the handling, disposal, and destruction of pharmaceuticals and supplies (for example, hazardous substances, investigational products, controlled substances, non-dispensable products, radiopharmaceuticals) I. Perform and record routine sanitation, maintenance, and calibration of equipment (for example, automated disp ensing equipment, balances, TPN compounders, and refrigerator/freezer temperatures) J. Update, maintain, and use manual or electronic information systems (for example, patient profiles, prescription records, inventory logs, summons materials) in order to perform job related activities K. Use and maintain automated and point-of-care dispensing technology L. Perform billing and accounting functions for products and services (for example, self-pay, third-party adjudication, pharmaceutical disregard cards, medication reimbursement) M. Communicate with third-party payers to determine or verify coverage for products and services N. Coordinate and/or participate in staff training and continuing commandment O. Perform and/or contribute to employee evaluations and competency assessments P. Participate in the establishment, implementation, and monitoring of the practice settings policies and procedures

Common Traits of the Filipinos Essay

familiar Traits It is difficult to define and ascertain the very core of what it is to be a Philippine. floor tells us that the Philippines as we discern now had an untraceable origin. All that we posterior do now is to determine the common attributes that be common to all of the Philippines. Common traits among Filipinos can be traced through bulge its introduction, from the pre-colonial era up to the present era that we have now. T present is something that is in particular common and at the same clock comical from among all of us as oppose to different races from Asia.And from this point of view we can depart and establish in some commonalities what it is to be a Filipino which is unique in particular throughout Asia and in general throughout the world. A. Hospitality One of the common traits of a Filipino is the word Hospitality. Hospitality conform tos from the Latin word, Hospesmeaning Host, guest, or stranger. Hospes is formed from hostis, which sum stranger or enemy which is synonymous to hostility. In a nutshell, Hospitality means welcoming the guest, stranger, or even the enemy into your have house.According to Derrida there two(2) types of cordial reception, the first one is Conditional Hospitality, and the second one is the Absolute Hospitality. In the usual language, Conditional Hospitality means, you welcome the stranger, guest, or even the hostile within the point of accumulations of condition e. g like they should only sleep in the pass over bedroom and only sleep in the couch or sala, they can non go into the bedroom or they should not touch anything. In another(prenominal) words, they are bound to certain restrictions.On the other hand, in contrast to Conditional Hospitality, Absolute hospitality is a form of welcoming the other with open arms up to the point of embracing the other unconditionally. Absolute hospitality knows no boundaries, in fact, welcoming the other might be dangerous because this others record is unas certainable, maybe he is a convict or any other psychopath but absolute hospitality will welcome any other stranger that will knock into your own homes even if much(prenominal) stranger would kill you.And this Absolute hospitality is the kind of hospitality that is present and predominant among Filipinos, this is a kind of hospitality that is selfless at its purest up to the point of even sacrificing his own family just for the sake of the visitor or guest. And this was clearly depicted by the historian Teodoro A. Agoncillo when he wrote that Perhaps you happen to drop in at an unholy hour of the day or night. Sensing that you are hungry, he prepares the outflank food for you, ignoring the fact that there would not be enough for the next supper for his family.Meanwhile, he gives you something with which you could eat whiles away your time. You hear him or his wife puttering about the kitchen desperately hurrying up the preparation of the food in order not to keep you waiting. T here is always a sense of urgency in his movements, for he does not want to inconvenience you. He makes you feel that he is honored by your invasion of his privacy at an unholy hour of the night. This Absolute hospitality is the one that is cosmos misunderstood by foreigners, especially by the Spanish colonizers, who thought that such trait is an embodiment of inferiority and obsequiousness.And only that such trait is also prone to abuses made up by the Foreign colonizers which proceeded to tell their hearers that they fell victims to the wiles of the Filipino women. B. Close Family ties The family is one of the centenarianest and most important social institutions on earth in it is the basic institution of the government, all starts from and within the family it is the primordial institution of our society. With this, it is noteworthy to mention Anthropologist Margaret Mead,she based her research and affirmed the centrality of the nuclear family in human society.She s forethough t As far back as our knowledge takes us, human beings have lived in families. We know of no period when this was not so. We know of no people who have succeeded for long in dissolving the family or displacing it Again and again, in spite of proposals for change and actual experiments, human societies have reaffirmed their dependency on the family as the basic unit of human livingthe family of father, mother and children. In consonance with such research, one of the traits among Filipinos is its conterminous family ties because even up to time immemorial Filipinos are still dependent and interdependent with their families, that even some are already at the age of 40 and having produced so many kids, his existence is still closely related to his Parents. Parents up to the end of the adolescent period of their sons or daughters still have the capacity to support and even provided sustenance to their own sons or daughters. Unlike in foreign countries, particularly in the U.S wherein t he their sons or daughters have achieved the age of 18, they are already free to go out of the boundaries of their home and eventually establish a life outside the reach of their family, they can already rent their own apartment and have a job. Which is particularly remote to the traits of a Filipino, if such person was allowed by their parents to live in own life and establish his own stance then eventually such Family would be treated or lookup upon with unbecoming eyes, like such parents is not a worthy parent to father their own child. In Filipino Family, it ordinarily consist of the grandparents, the parents and the children.The Father is the fling of the family, but while he rules, the mother governs. For it is the mother that reigns in the home, she is the educator, the financial officer, the accountant, the censor, the laundry charwoman, and the cook. But above the principle and the governor are the grandparents, who opinions and decisions on all important matters are sou ght. Will a newborn child be baptized? The grandparents are consulted and what they say carries oft w 8. It is the grandparents that have the last word from all decision that the family would make, would they consult a doctor in case the child or sick?The answer depends on the grandparents since they would prefer a herbolario (herb doctor) It is in their experience that will go against any written knowledge that their sons and daughters have achieved, it is with experience that they will use to override you knowledge. And in like manner such characteristics, one of the predominant characters of the Family is its hierarchical status, since the Philippines is a predominantly catholic country, the impact of such religions echoes even up to the deepest depth of the Family which is embodied in its elderly stance.Every decision if you would not be consulted with the grandparent should be consulted with the Father, and nothing more nothing else. The mother may have to say many things, but if the head of the family started to talk then it is the end of the line for is words, would be the practice of law and only the prevailing law of every family. C. Respect for the elders In addition to the power of the grandparents, every grandparents should be treated with delight in in all kinds of behavior towards them. In casual conversation, the should be an additional words of respect like po and opo. It is inconceivable for a Filipino do utter words of ingratitude to their elderly. If in other country, they just call their elderly in their own names as oppose to the Filipinos which they approach their elderly in a courteous manner characterized by words of gratitude and respect. And the respect for the elderly includes respect for the elder sister and brother. It is the accountability of the elder brother to perform the duties of the father and mother to the younger members of the family. One finds that among Filipino family the elder brother or sister sacrifice his c areer for the sake of the young ones who must have an education.Even after his marriage, the elder brother sets aside a small part of his salary for his younger brother and sisters. The latter, in turn, are expected to look up to their elder brother with awe and respect. Kissing the hands of the parents and old relatives or neighbors as a sign of respect is extended to the elder brother or sister. Among old and respectable families, even cousins kiss the hands of their elder cousins as a sign of respect. D. Fatalistic Filipinos are intrinsically fatalistic. Fatalism is defined as a doctrine that events are fixed in advance so that human beings are powerless to change them.In other words, everything is determined, it is a doctrine that amplifies the subjugation of all events or actions to fate. Philosophically, fatalism generally refer to these ideas, that humans are powerless to do anything other than we can really do, e. g the power to influence the future which is very similar to pre-determinsm. An attitude of resignation in the face of some future event or events which are thought to be inevitable, that actions are free, but nevertheless work toward an inevitable end, and lastly that acceptance is appropriate, rather than against inevitability.These fatalism is best symbolized in the idiom Bahalana, a phrase that defies translation but which may be rendered loosely as come what may. Can you go through that wall of fire? Bahalana. Are you sure you can convince him to give up his plan of leaving home? Bahalana. There are dangers ahead, Bahalana. Such fatalism has bred in the Filipino a sense of resignation. It is tis that he faces chance or tragedy with resignation. HE appears indifferent in the face of graft and corruption. He appears impassive in the face of personal misfortune. Yet this Bahalana attitude prevents him from being a crackpot.E. Loyalty As Joyce Mayanrd puts it, A person who deserves my subjection receives it. Loyalty is defined as a fai thfulness or devotion to a person, country, conference or cause. For Josiah Joyce loyalty is the willing and practical and thoroughgoing devotion of a person to a cause. The cause has to be an objective one. It cannot be ones personal self. It is something external to oneself that one looks outward to the world to find, and that cannot be found within. It concerns not ones own person, but other people. The devotion is active, a surrendering of ones self-will to the cause, that one hit the hays.Moreover, according to Royce, loyalty is social. Loyalty to a cause unites the many fellow-servants of that cause, binding them together in their service. That is wherefore loyalty to a accomplice or benefactor is one trait that is very strong with every Filipino. Do him a little favor and he remembers you to the ends of his days. And such trait is best described and characterized as utangnaloob. For the Filipino, familiarity is sacred and implies mutual help under any circumstances. A f riend is expected to come to the aid not only of personal friend but also to the friends family.That is why when the Americans gave their help to oust the Japanese imperial army here in the Philippines, such help was inculcated to every minds of the Filipino people and throughout the history books, the such a friend help you in such noxious situation. For the Filipino, it is hardly conceivable that the United States should turn out to be an ingrate, knowing that they stood by her in the darkest hour. Such attitude is beyond the comprehension of the Americans, for the latter understands of friendship is different from that of the Filipino.The American is ruthlessly businesslike and will not allow sentimentalism to stand in the way of fulfilling his destiny or objective. This ruthlessness the Filipino does not understand. Thus, it can be considered as a misplaced loyalty, which is an unreciprocated loyalty, because the Americans would only be loyal only to such an end that it will sa tisfy their desires and needs, and as long as they are being benefited with such they would not care if such things would be treated as sentimental as the Filipinos see as it is. F. Tendency to be unavailing For Luc de Clapiers Indolence is the sleep of the mind. It is a state where the body and mind of a person is idle. Nothing advanced(a) to do nor to say. This trait is common to every Filipino, as Rizal explained, the Filipinos has this tendency to be indolent as the result of the tropical climate which makes even the Westerner indolent in these parts of the paradise. But aside from the warm climate, indolence may partly explained by the abundance with which Nature has endowed the country, a fact which makes the Filipino exert less effort in the belief that he does not have to work hard to make both ends meet.Then too because of the close family and personal ties, the Filipino is assured of three square meals every day if only e would have the nerve to go from one relative to a nother. He knows that no relative or friend would turn him out and so he imposes himself on his willing or unwilling victims. G. Jealousy For Lawrence Durrell, it is not love that is blind, but jealousy. One of the trait of a Filipino is the feeling of being jealous. For every Filipino does not look with favor on a woman who flirts with several men. To him the sweet hearts or the wifes eyes are meant only form him and for no other.Even his closest friend cannot kiss his wife with impunity on the pretext that it is a brotherly kiss. The Filipino, therefore, requires complete faith and loyalty of his wife or sweetheart. A deviation from this unwritten law oftentimes leads to a bloody(a) mess. Among the many examples is when a Jealous husband stabs his wife and hacks his neighbor, It is in a fit of jealousy that a husband stabbed cold his wife then attack the womans alleged paramour in barangay Yati, Liloan, northern Cebu. Police said that the husband was furius when his 41 year old wife, admitted to him that she and a married neighbor in 39 years of age had a relationship.It was their daughter who told the police that she heard her mother shouting for help in the 130 a. m in that morning. The daughter ran to her parents room and saw her knife wielding father standing in front of her mother, who was lying bloodied on the straighten out of the bed. Her mother died because of multiple stab wounds. It is not only this instance that the jealousy of a betrayed husband was actualize there are many instances wherein such things had happened, bloody killings, are often enough reported in the daily newspapers, and are frequent and usual upshot is jealousy, for to a Filipino blood is required to was the crack of his honor H.Camaraderie Pakikisama or camaraderie among other nation is also one of the best traits that Filipino possesses. The spirit of comradeship makes Filipinos trustworthy beings. The idea of bayanihan was completed because of Filipino camaraderie. Fil ipino shows no elements of deceit, dishonesty and selfishness. Everybody is willing to help one another is the other is in need of help. I. Regionalism Regionalism is defined as a policy-making subdivision of an area into partially autonomous region, which characterize by loyalty to the interest of a particular region.A Feature of such is an expression, a pronunciation, or a custom, that is characteristic of a geographical area. It is also a quality in literature that is the product of fidelity to the habits, speech, manners, history, folklore, and beliefs of a particular geographical section. That is why a Filipino, does not think in terms of national boundaries but in regional oneness. This feeling is an extension of the closeness of family ties. Invariably, the Filipino believes that the person cognise to him, no matter how bad is btter than the one unknown to him no matter how.Good. Thus one finds college or university students calling a meeting of all those who come from the different parts of county. 2 . C. Lewis, Elementary Latin Dictionary (Oxford Univ. Press, 2000), p. 371. 3 . Who is derrida 4 . Teodoro A. Agocillo, write up of the Filipino People eight edition, C&E produce Inc. ,2012, p. 6-7 5 . Teodoro A. Agocillo, History of the Filipino People eight edition, p. 7 6 . Editorial, Familiy Ties, Philippine Daily Inquirer, September 20, 2011 7 . Teodoro A.Agocillo, History of the Filipino People eight edition, p. 7 8 . Hugh Rice ,Fatalism. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved December 2, 2010 p. 71 9 . Teodoro A. Agocillo, History of the Filipino People eight edition, p. 9-10 10 . Martin, Mike W. ,Virtuous giving philanthropy, automatic service, and caring. Indiana University Press. p. 40. 11 . Teodoro A. Agocillo, History of the Filipino People eight edition, p. 10 12 . Teodoro A. Agocillo, History of the Filipino People eight edition, p. 11 13 . Teodoro A. Agocillo, History of the Filipino People eight edition, p. 12.

A Look at Life Before the Internet, and After the Internet Essay

Times have changed, drastically, especially when it comes to the meshing. From banking to dating and from research to shopping, the Internet provides us with such conveniences we rarely need to leave our homes. History should non be defined as B.C. and A.D. it should be defined as B.I. (before the Internet) and A.I. (after the Internet). I am at an age that has allowed me to experience life with, and without, the Internet. My kids, however, have grown up with the Internet their whole lives. Internet was not an offered course when I be senior high school civilise it is a requirement for 4thgraders at my youngest sons school. The repair of the Internet on our everyday lives has been miraculous. We no longer have to tarry in line at the bank, for the arrival of the intelligence activitypaper or the 500 news on TV, or the phone line to clear to communicate with friends or family. shop does not necessarily mean driving to the mall and going to school does not necessarily mean atten ding classes on campus. We will come across whatever of the ways the Internet has changed our lives. Let usstart with banking. Before the Internet, banking meant having to wait for your statement to remainder your checkbook going into the bank to transfer funds and paying your bills by written material checks.Nowadays you can access your bank account(s) online, and most are in real-time, which makebalancing your checkbook very simple. Banks also offer an online bill-pay process, which means you do nothave to economize a check. The money transfers from your account directly to the company to which you owe money. Transferring money between accounts can be done online as well. Applying for a loan is another(prenominal) service offered by most banks websites, making it possible to receive an answer deep down minutes. Next, we will discuss the B.I. and A.I.forms of communication.A Look at Life Before the Internet, and later the Internet Times have changed, drastically, especially when it comes to the Internet. From banking to dating and from research to shopping, the Internet provides us with such conveniences we rarely need to leave our homes. History should not be defined as B.C. and A.D. it should be defined as B.I. (before the Internet) and A.I. (after the Internet).I am at an age that has allowed me to experience life with, and without, the Internet. My kids, however, have grown up with the Internet their whole lives. Internet was not an offered course when I attended high school it is a requirement for 4thgraders at my youngest sons school. The impact of the Internet onour everyday lives has been miraculous. We no longer have to wait in line at the bank, for the arrival of the newspaper or the 500 news on TV, or the phone line to clear to communicate with friends or family. Shopping does not necessarily mean driving to the mall and going to school does not necessarily mean attending classes on campus. We will examine some of the ways the Internet has c hanged our lives. Let usstart with banking. Before the Internet, banking meant having to wait for your statement to balance your checkbook going into the bank to transfer funds and paying your bills by writing checks. Nowadays you can access your bank account(s) online, and most are in real-time, which makebalancing your checkbook very simple. Banks also offer an online bill-pay service, which means you do nothave to write a check. The money transfers from your account directly to the company to which you owe money.Transferring money between accounts can be done online as well. Applying for a loan is another service offered by most banks websites, making it possible to receive an answer within minutes. Next, we will discuss the B.I. and A.I.forms of communication.A Look at Life Before the Internet, and After the Internet Times have changed, drastically, especially when it comes to the Internet. From banking to dating and from research to shopping, the Internet provides us with such conveniences we rarely need to leave our homes. History should not be defined as B.C. and A.D. it should be defined as B.I. (before the Internet) and A.I. (after the Internet). I am at an age that has allowed me to experience life with, and without, the Internet. My kids, however, have grown up with the Internet their whole lives. Internet was not an offered course when I attended high school it is a requirement for 4thgraders at my youngest sons school.The impact of the Internet on our everyday lives has been miraculous. We no longer have to wait in line at the bank, for the arrival of the newspaper or the 500 news on TV, or the phone line to clear to communicate with friends or family. Shopping does not necessarily mean driving to the mall and going to school does not necessarily mean attending classes on campus. We will examine some of the ways the Internet has changed our lives. Let usstart with banking. Before the Internet, banking meant having to wait for your statement to bal ance your checkbook going into the bank to transfer funds and paying your bills by writing checks. Nowadays you can access your bank account(s) online, and most are in real-time, which makebalancing yourcheckbook very simple. Banks also offer an online bill-pay service, which means you do nothave to write a check. The money transfers from your account directly to the company to which you owe money. Transferring money between accounts can be done online as well. Applying for a loan is another service offered by most banks websites, making it possible to receive an answer within minutes. Next, we will discuss the B.I. and A.I.forms of communication.

A look at the effects of my Hispanic heritage Essay

I am a digress of the growing population of populate of mixed descent, and am both privileged and punished by relating to my Mexi move inheritance but non resembling the stereotypical Hispanic. Most population atomic number 18nt aware, crimson in these times, that you washstand be Hispanic whether you are as white as paper or as dark as its ashes. I lose grown up privy to all(a) the privileges of a comfortable lifestyle, typically among Caucasians, both in my neighborhood and honors classes in my rural town. Yet I am reminded of my heritage by the food I eat, the style of music I wake up to on a Sunday morning, and traveling to a dusty, dog-filled village in Mexico to overwhelm my grandfather.I wonder fewtimes whether resembling my classmates in immediate appearance has been a good or a bad thing. They un supposeingly tour up pestilential Mexican jokes, only to find that I am not amused. They confide in me how they could never date a black girl or a black boy, and I cant support their sentiments. I wouldnt be here if such relationships didnt occur. Yet, I dont think I would change the way I look to deter such comments. What I inherited from my overprotect is my disguise almost, how I can uncover what people really think about the group to which I belong. If they could tell that I was the subject of their comments, they wouldnt say it to me, but they would still think its okay. It gives me the disaster to show them that there are some things that are never appropriate, no matter whose company they are in, because you never know what is behind the color of their skin.Their unthoughtful negative comments about my race dont bother me so much in affinity to other things. My area is known for its incredibly juicy ratio of chickens to people, soybeans, and other farming industry. This kind of economic environment doesnt bring a lot of culture into my town. The people who work in these low-income jobs are typically Hispanic, and they fulfill some of my classmates prejudices. They are poor, unable to speak English, and have very few nice places to socialize or live. When I happen to fulfill a family walking, I notice there are many a(prenominal) small children, but there are probably less than twenty Hispanic students in my entire high school. Hispanics are a large part of our population, but by the time it comes for us to attend high school, it looks as though many have already dropped out of school. I feel as though I am unable to fight prejudice around me when I shoot the breeze fulfillments of such negative thinking everyday.There are some points in my life I have not been so willing to inform people of my ethnic background. I volunteer in a thrift shop regularly, and I have become friends with the older Caucasian women who work there. I have come to be treated almost as though I am a paid employee. One day, as I was restocking racks, a non-English speak family comes in with three small children. While I was in the storage room, there is a commotion in the store and I hear unrivalled of my co-workers angry voice. I heard the story later. The mother of this not even one-year-old child had watched him urinate on the floor of the store, without attempting to stop or berate him. She was about to walk away from him when my co-worker noticed what the little boy was doing. The mother did not deny what her son had done or offer to clean the mess. After repeated attempts to get an explanation, or even a response, the woman vindicatory walked away again, and away from her oblivious child. The family was asked to leave the store, and my co-worker finish up cleaning the mess. She angrily muttered about those damn Mexicans.This is when it bothers me the most, when I cant bring myself to contradict her. There isnt an explanation I can give to validate that mothers actions. Would a white woman let her child do that? And I find myself thinking, No, she wouldnt, because she would buy diapers. In comparison to heari ng negative prejudices about Mexicans, it bothers me so much more to find myself giving in to them myself. It makes me wonder how can I defend my fellow Hispanics when looking at around, it feels like Im the only one trying to break the stereotype. Yet on a more optimistic note, I know that the mother was merely a bad apple in the bunch. Not every group of people are all going to be saints, nor would they be all as apathetic as this one somebody. But because of her actions in such a public and respected place, others are going to see her as a representative of my ethnicity.A personal solution to the weak ethnic pride in the community is to be a public example to the local Hispanics. However, even with living in Buenos Aires for three years, taking Spanish courses in high school, and having half my extended family living in Mexico, I still cant speak the language fluently myself. How can I influence them if I cant relate at all?Im not similar economically, academically, not even thr ough a common language. I only know a small part of what concerns them in life. My current incapableness to change their situations bothers me more than any ignorant slur I hear.It seems everyday I ask myself that clichd question, How can I make a deflection? I dont know how at this moment. When Im helping people in the thrift shop, they dont see a Mexican girl. The Hispanic customers see a white girl with dark hair and eyes, speaking in a language they dont understand, who rarely offers advice in broken Spanish. The other customers dont see anything that would change their opinion about those Mexicans.Growing up white, but with minority allegiances, has given me a unique perspective on discriminatory views. I know, through my own experience, that you cant imagine or know a whole person just by seeing or being in class with them. There is something that you wont know about them and wont expect. I am not an exception to the rule, and I know I have my own preconceptions of people I see, however unwelcome those thoughts are. In my Mexican heritage there are instances of racial discrimination. Her parents and community disowned my great-great grandmother when she married someone much darker than her and of a lower caste. The tendency for prejudice is not secluded to just appearance. Its among every grouping of people, from the American-born blacks discrimination against the Haitians in my school, to the suburban kids talking about the white trash.As a society, we will always find some way to differentiate ourselves from others, from people who look or act different than us. I am hopeful for change, and I want to be a part of that change through achieving success in my profession as a Hispanic. Growing up surrounded by prejudice in every form, I am more realistic about humanitys capabilities and more forgiving of such transgressions that are learned from our elders. In spite of this, I am still confident that with time, no matter where one lives, all forms of pre judice will be considered unacceptable to express or to hold.

Early Civilizations

Early Civilizations HUMA215-1205A-32 Topics in Cultural Studies Unit 1 Discussion Board Shannon Sullivan There were many contrary forces that have contributed to the cultural makeup of early civilization. The beginning of human culture predates back to thousands of years which can be seen through evidence that has been discovered. This evidence that was odd behind by the earliest of humans is found by cave paintings that helped to understand how these prehistoric individuals lived and survived in their every daytime life.One aspect that contributed to the cultural makeup is from geographic areas from where these early humans lived. The geographical region determined what their main focus was when it came to agriculture, hunting, trade and religion. The availability of these natural resources would affect the kinds of houses they lived in, the types of weapons and tools they utilise, the food they ate and the type of containers they used to store food and supplies (Trigger, 2003). A number of social issues occurred because of this cultural makeup. These issues were the cause of war and conflicts between many of these early humans.One of the factors that caused social problems was a result of different spiritual and religious beliefs. Others factors were political, economic and the development of ones social class. Since early civilization started, humans lived successfully in small hunting and concourse tribes. This was the dominant way of life until agriculture began to gradually replace hunting and gathering of necessities such as food, clothing and homes which was some of the main cultural influences on early civilizations (All World History for Us, n. d. ). Revisionist history can be bad.The problem with revisionist history is that it usually is written by someone who has a curriculum that they indispensableness to publicize. Most of this comes from inaccurate information from an unbiased viewpoint. Their minds tend to be made up prior to looking at th e facts. This results in choosing facts that support their viewpoint and ignoring facts that refute their predetermined ideas. Another problem with revisionist history is that it tends to judge people, cultures and experiences in the past by the values, ethics and morals of todays society.People in the past lived with the knowledge, superstitions, values and ethics of their day and should be studied to find the correct information. The only good thing about revisionist history is when the correct information has been given. All World History for Us. (n. d. ). culture and the Emergence of Complex Societies. Retrieved from http//worldhistoryforusall. sdsu. edu/eras/era3. php Trigger, B. G. (2003). Understanding Early Cilivizations. Retrieved from http//catdir. loc. gov/catdir/samples/cam034/2002074052. pdf

Impact Of Social Networking Websites Essay

Abstract friendly Networking is current phenomenon which has developed a great importance in a flash a days. It has some good as soundly as some bad aspects. Our study aims at identifying the impact of Social Networking Websites on Post alumna Management Students of Ghaziabad city.IntroductionSocial networking phenomenon has emerged over the past ten days. In that time, tender networking sites (SNS) have grown from a niche to a mass online activity, in which millions of internet users argon engaged, both in their free time, and at work too. However, there has been very little research on the socio-economic impact of these sites in the Indian context. In our research we focused on the impact of these social networking sites on the Post Graduate Management students of Ghaziabad city in both positive as well as negative aspects. Social networking is a phenomenon which has existed since society began. Human beings have always sought to live in social environments. The creation of so cial networking sites (SNS) and their pervasion in everyday practices is affecting how Indian youth manage their social networks. To a significant extent, SNS have shifted social networking to the Internet. In less than cinque years, these sites have grown from a niche online activity into a phenomenon through which tens of millions ofinternet users.Background of the researchIn todays era students are spending there so much time on social networking sites. Sometimes youth turn deviate from there academy goal and get addicted of these social networking sites. It is leaving negative impact upon the youths.Purpose of studyBy this study we might identify both positive as well as negative aspects of social networking sites on students of Post Graduate Management students.OBJECTIVEWe will focus in our research to analyze the factors which will supporter us to know the effects of social networking sites on college students and we also want to know the following1) To find out the econom ic consumption of using Social Networking Websites by Post Graduate Management Students.2) To analyze the using behavior of Social Networking grades by those students.3) Which Social Networking Site is more preferable by those students.4) To know whether Social Networking Websites affects on the studies of Post Graduate Management students.Research MethodologyI. Research Design and PlanDescriptive ResearchII. Sampling and stress SizeSample Post Graduate Management StudentsSample Size 150III. Data collection instruments/sources and proceduresPrimary Data Direct Questionnaires to PG Management StudentsIV. Data analysis proceduresSPSSQUESTIONNAIRE agnomen 1) Agea) Below 22b) 22 to 25c) 26 to 30d) 31 to 35e) 35 to 402) Gendera) Maleb) Female3) How many an(prenominal) Social Networking Account(s) do you have?a) 1b) 2c) 3d) 4e) More than 44) Which Social Networking Account do you have?a) Facebookb) Twitterc) WhatsAppd) Orkute) Other(if Any)-.5) Which Social-Networking Site you often us e?a) Facebookb) Twitterc) WhatsAppd) Orkute) Other(if Any)-..6) How long have you been using social networking sites?a) Less than a monthb) 1-6 monthsc) 6 months to a yeard) 1-2 yearse) 2-3 yearsf) More than 3 years7) How often do you usually log on to your Social-Networking Website? a) Dailyb) 1-2 days intervalsc) 3-4 days intervalsd) Weekly8) Please state your fair(a) hours of Social Networking Websites use per day?a) 5 minutes to 1 Hoursb) 1 to 2 Hoursc) 2 to 3 Hoursd) 3 to 4 Hourse) More than 4 Hours9) What is your purpose for using Social Networking Website? a) To enhance your knowledgeb) For passing your idle timec) Only for chattingd) Others (Please Specify)....10) Do you think using Social Networking Websites effects on your studies? a) Yesb) Noc) May be11) Please specify those effects which you think that affect on your studies? a) b) c) d) 12) Do you think Advertisement on Social Networking Websites useful for you? a) Yesb) Noc) Dont Know

Use Of Bone Marrow Transplants Health And Social Care Essay

The trick up shopping center is a sponge-like tissue found in the centre of certain castanetss that contains generator cells that argon the precursors of crimson blood cells ( red blood cells ) that carry O to the tissues in the complete structure, white blood cells ( leucocytes ) that serve battle infections and to assistance in the repellent system and thrombocytes which help with blood curdling. Each of these cells plays a big function in the electronic constitutive(a) structure by keeping normal physiological map aside. The bone content is a critical portion of the human harmoniumic structure.A bone mettle plant is when fussy cells ( called line cells ) that are usually found in the bone centre are taken out, filtered, and minded(p) back either to the same individual or to an variant individual. It involves pull outing bone join incorporating normal root cells or peripheral root cells from a whole giver, and reassigning it to a pass manslayer whose orga nic structure can non fabricate proper measures of normal blood cells. Infusion of haematopoietic root cells from oneself or another individual normally come afters high dose chemotherapy and/or ir irradiation. The end of the graft is to reconstruct the receiver s blood cells and immune system and hopefully work on around the implicit in affectionIn persevering roles with leukaemia, aplastic anaemia, and some immune lack ailments, the root cells in the bone marrow waste malfunction, bring forthing an inordinate figure of faulty or immature blood cells as in the instance of leukaemia or low blood cell counts in the instance of aplastic anaemia. The immature or faulty blood cells deputize with the production of normal blood cells, accumulate in the blood stream and may occupy other tissues so bone marrow graft enables the doctors to handle these diseases with aggressive chemotherapy and/or radiation by leting refilling of the morbid or damaged bone marrow after the chemothe rapy/radiation hinderance. While bone marrow grafts do non supply 100 per centum confidence that the disease will non repeat, a graft can change magnitude the likeliness of a remedy or at least prolong the period of disease-free endurance for m whatsoever patients. arise marrow organ commute is an effectual encumbrance for a assortment of haematological tumors, furnace run along lymphoma, and some solid tumours. An increasing figure of bone marrow grafts are performed every twelvemonth. The therapy has been used to reanimate a assortment of marrow failure provinces, congenital mistakes of metamorphosis, immune lacks, haematological malignances, and even solid tumours. The startle productive grafts were performed with root cells derived from the marrow of indistinguishable twins ( syngeneic organ imbed ) nevertheless, application of organ interchange therapy broadened with the usage of root cells obtained from either related or unrelated givers ( allogeneic organ tran sfer ) appropriately matched at the human leucocyte antigens ( HLA ) , or even with a patient s ain root cells ( autologous organ counterchange. Deciding on type of BMT depends on type and phase of disease, handiness of root cells, age, public first bulge outance position and the clinical status of patientBone marrow organ transplant is essential in the sense that is to remedies many diseases and cancerous neoplastic diseases. When a kid s bone marrow has been damaged or destroyed due to a disease or intense interventions of radiation or chemotherapy for malignant neoplastic disease, a marrow graft may be unavoidable to rectify the abnormalcy. It is as well required to replace morbid, non-functioning bone marrow with healthy running(a) bone marrow ( for conditions such(prenominal) as leukaemia, aplastic anaemia, and reaping overload cell anaemia ) . It is besides indispensable to replace the bone marrow and reconstruct its normal map after high doses of chemotherapy or radi ation are given to handle a malignance in a bit called deliverance which is usually used for diseases such as lymphoma, neuroblastoma, and chest malignant neoplastic disease. The mapping is besides of import in the replacing of bone marrow with genetically healthy working bone marrow to forestall farther harm from a familial disease procedure.Literature reexaminationBone marrow organ transplant ( BMT ) or haematopoietic root cell organ transplant ( HSCT ) is a health check process in the field of haematology and oncology that involves organ transplant of haematopoietic root cells ( HSC ) .It is most universally performed for people with diseases of the blood or bone marrow, or certain types of malignant neoplastic disease. Transplant of either allogenic or autologous bone marrow has become an progressively applied and masteryful therapy for patients with haematological malignances and certain solid tumours. BMT is an interpreter of a extremely proficient therapy that offer s hope to patients with bone marrow failure or assorted malignances. Bone marrow organ transplant is much more expensive up-front merely possibly non more pricey long-run than alternate therapies.Over the past 40 honest-to-goodness ages, bone marrow organ transplant and haematopoietic root cell organ transplant obtain been used with increasing frequence to handle legion malignant and nonmalignant diseases. Post-World warfare II Cold War frights of atomic warfare stimulated involvement in the effects of radiation on the human organic structure. Early surveies with animate beings has shown that bone marrow was the organ most sensitive to the detrimental effects of radiation and for that ground the reinfusion of marrow cells was used to deliver lethally irradiated animate beings. In one survey done in 1950s, patients were given deadly doses of radiation to handle leukaemia and many had haematological recovery following this intervention, but eventually all patients succumbed to get worse of their malignances or to infections. In the 1950s and 1960s, about 200 allogeneic marrow grafts were performed in worlds, with no long-run successes. However, during this clip, organ transplant utilizing indistinguishable twin givers has brought a just sum of success and gived a important foundation to go on clinical research in the field.Hematopoietic root cell organ transplant remains a equivocal process with many possible complications it has tralatitiously been reserved for patients with dangerous diseases. While on occasion used by experimentation in nonmalignant and nonhematologic indicants such as terrible disenabling auto-immune disease and cardiovascular, the hazard of fatal complications appears excessively high to derive wider credence.Although economic analyses appear comparatively simple, reading and usage can be debatable. Several economic analyses have determine complications that materialize often and impact the reported cost-effectiveness of hig h-dose chemotherapy. Attempts to cut down the cost of bone marrow organ transplant have focused on new schemes to more efficaciously command these complications. The debut of new engineerings to belt engraftment, to better patient choice methods, and the shifting of attention to outpatient scenes all have resulted in important decreases in continuance of infirmary stay, treatment-related mortality, and costs. More surveies of long-run results are needed for graft and non graft intervention options to peak present and future applications of this intervention option.Expanded indicants for graft continue to be explored. Preliminary testifyation conjure a possible function for graft in the intervention of autoimmune diseases such as lupus, two-fold induration, systemic induration, and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. In add-on, in utero graft holds promise for early rectification of familial disease, with some success already demonstrated with the immunodeficiency syndromes. The acce nt of current research is principally directed at diminishing toxicity and GVHD while increasing the pool of possible givers by growing techniques to traverse the traditional HLA histocompatability barriers more successfully. Grafts are performed with increasing grades of mismatch. With the promotions in techniques, indicants, and accessory therapy, the graft of haematopoietic root cells continues to be an prior field in the intervention of human disease.Once a disease procedure has been identified and graft is considered as a possible therapy, an appropriate giver must be identified. The best possible the Tempter consequences in the least complications. For allogeneic grafts, HLA histocompatability typewriting is performed for immediate household members ab initio utilizing serologic typewriting. Fully matched household members provide the most compatible lucifers because they frequently portion minor HLA antigens non normally included in proving. Before abideing BMT, patient s should undergo a series of trials and processs for testing and readying based on the patient s disease procedure and medical history. There is besides pre-transplant bidding where graft team and the patient meet to discourse the consequences of the testing, intervention options and the intervention program. Transplant conditioning is the done with the chief purpose of destructing unnatural cells or malignant neoplastic disease cells throughout the patient s organic structure utilizing conditioning regimen which consist of chemotherapy, radiation therapy or both. The crop processs for autologous or allogeneic BMT are similar and are depended on the undermentioned factors The patient s physical status, donor handiness and insurance blessing.The BMT process involves three stages. In the first stage, constant 5 to 14 yearss, the bone marrow receiver is prepared for the transplant and immunosuppressive and cytotoxic chemotherapy are administered and irradiation is used to enable the receiver to accept the transplant, to forestall transplant waneion, and in instances of acute leukaemia to destroy residuary leukaemia. In the 2nd stage, bone marrow is from the giver is intravenously administered to the transplant receiver. Donors and receivers of bone marrow grafts must hold HLA compatability. The 3rd stage involves a period of waiting for the bone marrow to ingraft and work usually in the receiver. During the clip required for engraftment, the transplant receiver is vulnerable to infection, hemorrhage, terrible lading loss, rejection of the transplant, and graft-versus- master of ceremonies disease ( GvHD ) . slightly of the posttransplant intervention typically includes cyclosporin A and perchance other chemotherapies to either prevent or dainty transplant versus-legion disease ( GVHD ) . The results of the therapy depend on many factors such as Improvements in supportive attention, antibiotic regimens, and DNA-HLA is associated with favourable result. The p atient s province of wellness or stable disease or disease in remittal is associated with better results than those transplanted during a ulterior disease stage or with relapsed disease. four-year-old age at clip of graft and besides CMV-negative position of receiver and giver enhance the likeliness of endurance. The sum of haematopoietic cell dose given at clip of graft may besides rush engraftment and better result though it has an increased hazard of GVHD.Bone marrow organ transplant is one of legion new medical engineerings that have raised complex legal and ethical issues. Laws refering to medical progresss have been passed in response to the demand to decide struggles in judicial sentiments instead than expectancy of those issues which trespass on single autonomies. Some of the legal and ethical issues are malpractice claims, proving prospective givers for AIDS, sale of bone marrow, communicate consent for both giver and receiver, and inquiries that arise when the giver is a kid. Pre-counseling is done to the patient prior to any intercession since information helps the patients in the undermentioned ways To build positive attitudes in relation to the disease, enables a better response to the state of affairs, facilitates patient s effectual engagement in the determination making procedure and future programs and besides plays a important or cardinal function in wellness. Furthermore, the patients have a legal right to be informed about their disease.DecisionThe bone marrow is a critical portion of the human organic structure. Bone marrow organ transplant is an effectual intervention for a assortment of haematological tumors, furnace lining lymphoma, and some solid tumours. The most of import cell needed for successful organ transplant is the haematopoietic root cell whose major beginnings are bone marrow, peripheral blood, and cord blood. These can be obtained from assorted givers as either autologous or allogeneic. Deciding on type of BMT depends on type and phase of disease, handiness of root cells, age, public presentation position and the clinical status of patient. The procedure is besides of import in the replacing of bone marrow with genetically healthy working bone marrow to forestall farther harm from a familial disease process.. BMT is an illustration of a extremely proficient therapy that offers hope to patients with bone marrow failure or assorted malignances. Bone marrow organ transplant is much more dearly-won up-front but possibly non more dearly-won long-run than alternate therapies. Hematopoietic root cell organ transplant remains a hazardous process with many possible complications it has traditionally been reserved for patients with dangerous diseases. The accent of current research is chiefly directed at diminishing toxicity and GVHD while increasing the pool of possible givers by developing techniques to traverse the traditional HLA histocompatability barriers more successfully. With the promotions in te chniques, indicants, and supportive therapy, the graft of haematopoietic root cells continues to be an earlier field in the intervention of human disease. With the promotions in techniques, indicants, and supportive therapy, the graft of haematopoietic root cells continues to be an forward field in the intervention of human disease.MentionsFrick, E. , Motzke, C. , Fischer, N. , Busch, R. , & A Bumeder, I. ( 2005 ) . Is perceived societal support a forecaster of endurance for patients undergoing autologous peripheral blood root cell organ transplant? Psycho-Oncology, 14, 759-770.Holland, J. & A Alici, Y. ( 2010 ) . focusing of trouble in malignant neoplastic disease patients. Journal of Supportive Oncology, 8 ( 1 ) , 4-12.Jacobsen, P. ( 2009 ) . Promoting evidence-based psychosocial attention for malignant neoplastic disease patients. Psychooncology, 18, 6-13.Jacobsen, P. & A Jim, H. ( 2008 ) . Psychosocial intercessions for anxiousness and slump in grownup malignant neoplasti c disease patients accomplishments and challenges. A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 58, 214-230.ANCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncologya? Distress Management ( Version 1.2010 ) . A 2009 National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Inc. Available at NCCN.org. Accessed Febuary 3, 2010 .Ranson, S. , Jacobsen, P. , & A Booth-Jones, M. ( 2006 ) . Validation of the hurt thermometer with bone marrow graft patients. Psycho-Oncology, 15, 604-612.Wells, K. , Booth-Jones, M. , & A Jacobsen, P. ( 2009 ) . Do get bying and societal support predict depression and anxiousness in patients undergoing hematopoitic root cell organ transplant? Jouranl of Psychosocial Oncology, 27, 297- 315.Williams, S. & A Dale, J. ( 2006 ) . The effectivity of intervention for depression/depressive symptoms in grownups with malignant neoplastic disease a systematic reappraisal. British Journal of Cancer, 94, 372-390.AThe usage of allogeneic haematopoietic cell organ transplant ( HCT ) has increased as new techn iques have been developed for organ transplant in patients who antecedently would non hold been considered HCT campaigners. However, its efficaciousness continued to be limited by the information of frequent and terrible ague GVHD. The complex and intricate pathophysiology of acute GVHD is a effect of interactions between the giver and host innate and adaptative immune responses. Multiple subversive molecules and cell types are implicated in the development of GVHD that can be categorized as( 1 ) triggers that initiate GVHD by therapy-induced tissue harm and the antigen disparities between host and transplant tissue ( 2 ) detectors that detect the triggers, that is, procedure and present alloantigens ( 3 ) go-betweens such as T-cell subsets ( naif, memory, regulative, Th17 and natural slayer T cells ) and ( 4 ) the effecters and amplifiers that cause harm of the mark variety meats. These multiple inflammatory molecules and cell types that are implicated in the development of GVH D have been described with theoretical accounts that use step by step Cascadess. Herein, we provide a fresh position on the immunobiology of acute GVHD and briefly discuss some of the owing(p) inquiries andrestrictions of the theoretical account systems.Bone Marrow Transplantation ( 2010 ) 45, 1-11 doi10.1038/bmt.2009.328 published online 30November 2009Fifty old ages ago, Billingham1 identified three requirements for the development of GVHD ( 1 ) the presence ofimmunocompetent cells in the giver inoculant, ( 2 ) the inability of the receiver to reject the giver cells and ( 3 ) a histocompatibility difference between the giver and receiver.Billingham RE. The biological perception of graft-versus-host reactions.Harvey Lect 1966-67 62 21-78.Some future research waies1. Impact of type of harm ( programmed cell death V mortification of different cellularsubsets ) , specific DAMPs, unfertile redness and complementsystem.2. Contribution of host intestine microbiome and the giver imm une position.3. Determine GVHD antigenic repertory, place immunodominantantigens.4. Understand the function of both professional ( DCs, macrophages ) andsemi-professional ( B cells ) giver and host APC subsets, therelevancy and mechanisms of cross-presentation.5. The mechanisms and function of donor Th distinction, regulative,memory T cell, and NK cell subsets.6. Functions of specific effecter tracts in doing distinguishable mark organharm.7. Determinants of mark organ specificity, the function of mechanismsof fix and neovascularization in the mischievousness of harm.8. Mechanisms and effect of immunosuppression inducedstraight by GVHD.9. Development of an incorporate systems attack for understandingthe biological science of GVHD.Biology of ague GVHDS Paczesny et Al7BonePatient Education /Curative patient instruction ( TPE )a continous procedure integrated in wellness attentiona? patient centreda? adapted to the development of sickness andpatientA?s sustenance-stilea? portion of the long-run direction of unwellnessa? structured and organizeda? benefited by appropriate pedagogic means*a? multiprofessional, interdisciplinary andintersectonial.*I. Rabbone, 2007The function of the patient is cardinal in taking attention of himself in order to lend to his conditions and be responsible of his status, and to be a squad resource without costs ( Rabbone I. , 2009 ) .**J. Philips, 1998Patients have a legal right to be informed about their disease butathey assume it is non ever respected ( Visser et al. , 2009 ) .Information is a demand of patients as it allowsthem to build positive attitudes in relation tothe disease, a better response to the state of affairs and an effectual engagement in the decissiondoing procedure and hereafter programsa? Information besides has a cardinal function in wellnessinstruction plansPatient need information about Disease Treatment options Treatments results Symptoms Side effects Quality of lifea? Information should be delivered in an synergisticmannera? Information/education is indispensable in all stagesof the graftS Setting. Pick a private location.P Perception. Find out how the patient positions themedical state of affairs.I Invitation. Ask whether the patient wants to cognize.K Knowledge. Warn before dropping intelligence.E Empathy. Respond to the patient s emotions.S Strategy/Summary. Once they know, include patientsin intervention determinations* W. Baile et Al. Out of 5 patients, merely 1 to 2 follow theinstructions given by physycians. The othersfollow a ain version of the therapy andhold their thoughts sing their disease. Theywill neer squeal them. They are incorrect, butwho is guilty? J. P. Assal ( 1999 )LiteratureMcPherson CJ, et Al. Effective methods of giving information in malignant neoplastic disease asystematic literature reappraisal of randomized controlled tests. J Publicwellness Medecine 2001 23 ( 3 ) 227-234a? Thomas R, et Al. Anxiety and depression consequence on patients penchantsfor information following a diagnosing of malignant neoplastic disease. Annalss of Oncology 1998 9 141a? Lobb EA, et Al. When the safety cyberspace of intervention has been removedPatients unmet demands at the completion of intervention for hematologicmalignances. Patient Educ Couns ( 2009 ) Department of the Interior 10.1016/j.pec.2009.02.005a? Mank A, et Al. An synergistic Compact disc read-only memory to inform patients about Stem CellTransplant. Patient Educ Couns 2008 73 121-126a? Downs S. Ethical issues in bone marrow organ transplant. Semin OncolNurs 1994 10 58-63a? Lee SJ, et Al. Discrepancies between patient and physician estimations forthe success of root cell organ transplant. J Am Med Assoc 2001 2851034-8a? Andrykowski MA, et Al. Returning to normal following bone marroworgan transplant results, outlooks, and informed consent. BoneMarrow Transplant 1995 15 573-81A elaborate appraisal of BMT receiver s emotional, societal, and psychological wellbeing before BMT is nec essary to supply optimum, holistic attention. Distress and depression should be recognized, monitored, documented and treated quickly during the BMT intervention. BMT patients need to be screened at their pre-transplant assignment, at appropriate intervals, and as clinically indicated during the BMT procedure. Distress and depression should be recognized, monitored, documented and treated quickly during the BMT procedure to guarantee positive patient results.

As You Like It By William Shakespeare Essay

1. As you like it is full of characters pretending to be someone former(a) than themselves. To what degree are the characters aware that they are role-playing? Does their acting have serious terminations, or is it merely a game. In the schoolbook as you like it by William Shakespeare many characters have alter egos in whom they use to influence and associate themselves with other characters. The two main characters that are pretending to be someone other than themselves are Celia and Rosalind. In act 1 of the school text Rosalind is banished from the court of the duke and decides to seek upon her preceptor in the forest of Arden.Rosalind and Celia decide to camo themselves, Celia as a country girl named Aliena and Rosalind as a young man named Ganymede. Rosalind and Celia are unaware of the consequences that occur from having disguises. A consequence of Rosalinds male disguise as Ganymede is that she makes Phebe, a female shepherdess in the forest of Arden fall in love with her . This disturbs the natural put up in which Phebe is in love with a fellow shepherd Silvius. Rosalinds gender swapping has created a consequence in she has made a woman fall in love with her when she is in love with Orlando.In the end Phebe goes back to Silvius and the consequence of Rosalinds role-playing is resolved. The role-playing in the text does have effects on the other characters but Rosalind does end up marrying Orlando, Celia ends up marrying Oliver and Phebe ends up marrying Silvius. So the long-term consequences of Celia and Rosalinds role-playing are minuscular only making the text more intricate and interesting for readers. In conclusion although characters in the text as you like it do pretend to be someone else, the consequences add to detail in the text and have have no serious consequences.

Power of Communication Essay

converse is the basic human need to sh be meanings and extinguish ideas and thoughts and that can be progress tod by the exchange of teaching mingled with the society members. The mental process of confabulation is delineate by the technology available, culture and protocols of chat. Political scientists are interested in political colloquy by government agency of studying the interaction discourse between the political system and the political process gener everyy and they confirm the greatness of the fundamental relationship between them, they called for re-examination and analysis of political science found on communication theories.Politics is difficult to be found without communication because there essential be a connective between the exoteric and the ruling selected (decision makers), and this applies to the political system too. Citizens must be able to overstep their wishes and demands to the government, and the government should be able to communicate its decisions to citizens and justify them to win their satisfaction.Political parties and politicians needs huge public support, Where it can be said that political communication is the most master(prenominal) centre of communication that must be followed by a party in order to gain such support. It is well know that the objective of any party is to access business leader or participate in it and this cannot be reached without elephantine public support. This political communication can take various forms depends on the technology available such as press, radio, television and digital ne bothrked media.The political communication is the proper way of any party members to stretch out out dialogue with the foldes of the plenty for establish the doctrine of their party to them, and gain popular support for the constitution and programs of the party, where they listen to note of the public towards some situations and impressions towards it, and the members of the party again , during their partisan meetings to discuss the various accessible and sparing problems in the community, and that need solutions, ranging proposals of different party members to fixing these problems through the hierarchical organization of the party until it reaches the direct of leadership and integrate in the various party programs. thereby ensuring this party kind of interaction with he public surrounding it, so that lead the response to the wishes and requirements of the public in the general policy of the party, to achieve a heavy(p) deal of compatibility between the party and street folk, and this goes back to the party with a great benefit in elections times, When the public find the investigator to them ambitions and expectations, and This causes at normal conditions for arrival (the party with compatibility big with the popular will) to rule the country.Communication was and will continue to be the most important natural process in human life through interacts with o thers to express ideas, needs and feelings and dreams, and has expressed their personality, culture and freedom and the idea of an activity that can be embodied the meaning of human dignity and values. So this make this activity 1 of the most activities accountable of various standards, pressures and the laws that are on the whole a fundamental question most the nature of the relationship between the media and the ethics and other aspects of human life.Communication science benefited and interact with all the of Sciences and knowledge, humanitarian, technical data and the science explain to us at this time to what affect the marrow of plenteousness communication in the minds of the people and what is the size of this effect and how it is affecting. No iodin can deny the importance of these theories of communication that formed the communication science which had experimented in communities that adopted and tried to apply. The communication puppets play an important role in pol itical life, whether internal or the outside, not only political professionals are keep apart importance to their communication strategy, but governed also gaining most of their information through the communication tools.The means of mass communication possesses the characteristics and capabilities of multiple distinct from those when its counterparts from groups or opinion leaders, are in any case means mass communication addresses the daily huge cross sections of the population with one voice. The means of communication and media are necessary and important to make effectively communication links and interactions are always wanton(p) between the ruler and the governed.Definitely, mass communication has evolved technically accompanied by the technological development happened to human societies in all fields, in ancient societies (Greek and Roman society), political community was limited and number of citizens who can be covered by ruling messages was known, so it was direct sp eeches and forums in public places established in open air r in the theaters of the city that was one of the most forms of political communication, so it was politicians highly open on rhetoric and the ability to inference to convince they governed, This free space for debate and political communication that helped to create direct democracy known as the Athenian democracy, But with the development of human societies and the expanding upon of political activity field appearance regimes of modern political became not possible to rely solely on speeches and seminars, which includes a limited number of citizens, but became necessary to find a communication to sp allege and includes a wide segment of the public. (Karl W. Deutsch, 2006) Literature ReviewDenis McQuail, 2010 Seen these arguments written, visual and audio as a tool of direct democracy, and as a court of public opinion open day and night endue the law for everything all the time, not a substitute for institutions, but suc h ray of light detector that keeps moving here and there, revealing always talking about the depths of darkness Jacques Gerstle, 2004 One of the basic properties of the twentieth century is the communication tools revolution, and the appearance the community of communication.We saw the appearance of new techniques for political communication, these techniques that contributed in spread and sharing the information, ideas and communities in conditions limited time and across a wide geographical. Since the advent of printing, which contributed historically in the advancement of the theory and practice of democracy through journalism written is the court of public opinion, as well as with the emergence of radio, which was the most important means of communication used in the flash world war propaganda by politicians, through well television, which affects more than other means of mass communication. confused categories divergent public and geographically, does not follow some of the obstacles faced by other means such as the written press such as distribution problems and an individuals ability to read all the way to satellites to broadcast dimensional networks of electronic communication global movement of information and ideas and accede with the limits of regional and geographical, with the development of all these means and which was called some people name new technologies for information and communication find that the process of political communication has evolved is also no longer this process takes place victimisation the means of communication like a traditional speech, for example. Gabriel A. Almond, 2004 That everything in political relation is communication, system of communication is one of the main channels for the flow of information from the elite to the masses and also to transfer the problems of the masses and their aspirations and their perceptions to the elite. Robert Wiener, David Jerison, I. Isadore Manuel Singer, Daniel W.Strook, 1997 If we realize politics is system so communication system is the nerve that controls the system, and the systems ability to work up command and control linked to its ability to deal with the information, so that communication and control are two synonymous of same meaning, every time we call we also control. Karl W. Deutsch, William J. Foltz, 2010 The nerves of government political Communication and Control is proposed similar political regime system Cyber zonular, describes the relationship between the political system and its milieu under shape or environment Cyber zonular, which imagined that communication as a system of decisions based on the flood of diverse information, and is communication and media the most important issues in political science, and confirms it is wrong to neglecting or underestimation the role of other changes. Dr.Schwatzenberg, 1990 Political communication is the path that moves the political information one part to other parts of the political regim e and between this system and the social system, it is path continuously to exchange of information between individuals and groups at all levels, It is especially the exchange of information between rulers and ruled that will promise the agreement between them, each governor seeks to accepting his decisions, and all governed trying to structured and their needs are taken in the consideration, and compatibility and harmonization be realized only through the communication and through exchange. Harold Dwight Lasswell, scratch de Leon, 2009 Political community like the pyramid, where rulers are elite at the top of the pyramid and the masses of people at the base, and between them there experts and specialists in the middle between the top and the base, and being communication processes on the basis that each nation have political ystem specific consists of elite, They are responsible for the decision and oversight on the states economic resources and human resources, to achieve the g oals and programs of the State, the ruling elite and using tools of communication specialized experts believing they are the ones those can be in the process of communication between the elite and controlled groups, and staff working in this area have their role in attracting public attention to social issues. Alvin Toffler, 1984 That there is a relationship substantially between communication process and the political process, if the world of politics is based on power, the desires of those who have power must be transmitted to the expect they will answer to it, and if the world of politics is based on the legitimacy of the highest authority, the matter requires a means by which based the symbolic expression of values and procedural standards for such systems, and if the world of politics based on participation, this means finding channels transporting the interests and demands of the citizens to decision makers. Kenneth E. Boulding. 989 The political process, such as the decisio n-making process, it is also a test of the roles of power in society, and in response to the images Stereotypes formed by political means of communication in society, The means of communication change of images Stereotypes of individuals, and political behavior based on images Stereotypes. Theories and Models of Communication (Difference Job Title and intersection point of concept and function) Studies in Communication Sciences provided us science of communication in the framework is not clear in terms of mixing in some of the concepts and nomenclature may be the reason in that transfers of these sciences at the hands of a Type is not specialized and qualified in the field of media and communication.So still confusion exists between science communication and science media and between theories and models in communication process but after multiple studies in the field of media, communication and development study of media and communications at universities and institutes in the thi rd world and after a significant increase in who have innovative degrees in media from Western universities appeared a new generation of communication scholars provided us this real science in its context where they ruled for differentiating between the media and science communication and science and have sacrificed the relationship between them, and provided us both models and theories on the units and they ruled for differentiating among them.